The five signs with thresholds
(1) Two or more people copy-paste between tools every day. (2) You're paying for 6+ SaaS tools and still missing a 'single source of truth'. (3) Onboarding a new hire on your processes takes more than two weeks. (4) Reports are pulled manually each week. (5) A customer-facing process depends on someone remembering to do something. Hit two of these and the ROI of a custom build is usually 6–9 months.